This study investigates wayfinding in complex office environments. Many works of research have investigated the subject since the 1970s. Examining the available research literature showed that a precise and comprehensive classification of influencing factors on wayfinding that could be used to develop design guidelines for office buildings is currently absent. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors, specifically physical factors relating to behavioral scenarios in office buildings. For this, through a qualitative research, the effects of path openness, connection type, path width, and intersection angles and shapes of isovists were evaluated in office environments. Visual accessibility was assessed based on the concept of the field of view and wayfinding behavior analysis. The study had nine participants )men and women( walk through a predetermined path in the municipality of Karaj. Data was collected and analyzed through questionnaires, interviews, observation, and field-of-view analysis. The results showed that wayfinding is directly affected by visual accessibility in office environments, i. e., the higher the overlap of viewsheds, the faster people could find their destination and fewer failings in wayfinding. Moreover, the study illustrated that people frequently choose paths that provide wider visual fields and more environmental information at intersections. These results suggest rethinking design considerations for office buildings.

Changes in people's lifestyles and culture over time have led to major changes in the spatial system of contemporary houses compared to traditional houses. These changes have sometimes resulted in different qualities in the spatial system of houses, one of the most important of which is the change in the (physical and visual) access qualities in contemporary houses compared to traditional houses. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the qualities of visual and physical accessibility in traditional and contemporary residential uses in Iran and to identify the factors affecting these changes. So, the main research question is: How do the qualities of visual and physical accessibility influence the structure of spaces and the connections between them? To answer the question, in the "Analysis" section, the Depthmap software is used, the outputs of which are used to analyze the intended patterns. The samples examined in this research include four traditional single-courtyard houses and four apartments, as contemporary samples, in Kashan City. For each of both traditional and contemporary groups, visual and physical accessibility is analyzed separately using the abovementioned software, and after extracting the characteristics of each of them from the software, the similarities and differences between them are described and analyzed. An important part of the results indicates that changes in different states of physical and visual accessibility in houses are one of the fundamental factors effective in the emergence of spatial qualities or changes in them and in general, the logic of spatial configuration in the interiors of houses. Therefore, the type of accessibility, either physical or visual, causes many differences and similarities between the characteristics of spatial configuration in houses, especially in traditional houses, which have more categorizable qualities.

Parks, as integral components of urban fabric and part of public urban services, hold significant importance and cannot be separated from the needs of the urban society. Therefore, parks must be developed both quantitatively and qualitatively in accordance with the city’s physical scale, community needs, ecological conditions, and its future expansion trajectory so they can function as active green spaces with continuous environmental returns. This study aims to explain the landscape architecture indicators that influence the enhancement of visual environment quality in urban parks of the Tabriz metropolis, from the viewpoints of ecology, cultural characteristics, environmental sustainability, and accessibility, using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings reveal that El Goli Park is identified as the top-ranked park in terms of ecological indicators. Shams Tabrizi Park, due to its traditional and principled design, is another favorable option. Other parks require further actions in resource management and biodiversity enhancement. El Goli Park and Baghlari Baghi demonstrate appropriate physical and social accessibility, serving as successful examples for other parks. Shams Tabrizi Park is particularly effective in terms of social accessibility for specific groups such as women and children. Baghmisheh and Khaghani Parks need improvement in accessibility for individuals with disabilities and require reconstruction of access routes. Eram Park can achieve better performance in accessibility by improving lighting and increasing nighttime security.

Accessibility planning, because of integrating both land use and transportation system, has a significant role in the process of urban planning and design. Significance was proposed since 1950S especially after the war between Israel and Arab nations in 1970S that caused increasing in oil price and criticizing of auto city urban design pattern. This pattern led to separation of living and working locations, urban sprawl, increasing use of car for work trips, more use of fuel and finally air, noise and environment pollutions.One of the important methods for overcoming this problem is accessibility planning. Accessibility means "reducing distance between the locations of home and work" or "easy reach to destination". The purpose of the research was to investigate inequitable distribution of bus accessibility index. Thus, Hanson's reformed model was implemented based on population, employment and distance variables between the local boundaries (12 zones) of Mashhad city using geographical information system (GIS). The results of this research showed' that dominant transportation system is car usage (27.8% of total trips). Public transportation (bus usage) by 24% of the total of trips stands in the second stage. Mashhad has not any rail routes (monorail or metro). Also the results showed that accessibility value is oriented from northeast to southeast, i.e. toward the new zones of the city's development plan. Finally, calculations showed that direct accessibility to bus is 88% of area and 86% of population (equivalent to 25.49 Sq km and 342987 people). Therefore, applying of accessibility planning method is necessary for construction of new bus routes or changing of the present bus routes for full coverage of the city especially the deprived areas of Mashhad.

Introduction: Unfair distribution of healthcare services is one of the most important issues all over the world. The present study aimed to determine the distribution pattern of available hospital beds and the accessibility pattern to hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: This was an analytical study. At first, spatial distribution pattern of available hospital beds was determined using Moran’ s Index (Moran’ s I). Then, the accessibility pattern to hospitals was determined using Euclidean distance and network travel distance metrics. All of the analyses were conducted using Arc GIS (10. 3) software. Results: The results revealed that available hospital beds had a random and unbalanced distribution pattern in Shiraz based on Moran’ s I (Moran’ s I=-0. 05). Besides, according the achieved standard service areas for the existing hospitals, calculated by using Network analysis tools, 65. 47% of Shiraz population was underserved in terms of accessibility. Furthermore, assessment of accessibility patterns resulted from both types of applied distances, indicating that in most cases hospitals were located in the central parts of the city. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, distribution of hospitals in Shiraz was unfair. Therefore, policymakers are suggested to plan in order to increase the number of Shiraz hospitals. They are also recommended that they should give priority to establishing new hospitals in areas without standard accessibility over areas with standard accessibility based on the results of the present study